Importing Candy Data
<- "candy-data.csv" = read.csv (candy_file, row.names= 1 )#head(candy)
chocolate fruity caramel peanutyalmondy nougat
100 Grand 1 0 1 0 0
3 Musketeers 1 0 0 0 1
One dime 0 0 0 0 0
One quarter 0 0 0 0 0
Air Heads 0 1 0 0 0
Almond Joy 1 0 0 1 0
Baby Ruth 1 0 1 1 1
Boston Baked Beans 0 0 0 1 0
Candy Corn 0 0 0 0 0
Caramel Apple Pops 0 1 1 0 0
Charleston Chew 1 0 0 0 1
Chewey Lemonhead Fruit Mix 0 1 0 0 0
Chiclets 0 1 0 0 0
Dots 0 1 0 0 0
Dum Dums 0 1 0 0 0
Fruit Chews 0 1 0 0 0
Fun Dip 0 1 0 0 0
Gobstopper 0 1 0 0 0
Haribo Gold Bears 0 1 0 0 0
Haribo Happy Cola 0 0 0 0 0
Haribo Sour Bears 0 1 0 0 0
Haribo Twin Snakes 0 1 0 0 0
Hershey's Kisses 1 0 0 0 0
Hershey's Krackel 1 0 0 0 0
Hershey's Milk Chocolate 1 0 0 0 0
Hershey's Special Dark 1 0 0 0 0
Jawbusters 0 1 0 0 0
Junior Mints 1 0 0 0 0
Kit Kat 1 0 0 0 0
Laffy Taffy 0 1 0 0 0
Lemonhead 0 1 0 0 0
Lifesavers big ring gummies 0 1 0 0 0
Peanut butter M&M's 1 0 0 1 0
M&M's 1 0 0 0 0
Mike & Ike 0 1 0 0 0
Milk Duds 1 0 1 0 0
Milky Way 1 0 1 0 1
Milky Way Midnight 1 0 1 0 1
Milky Way Simply Caramel 1 0 1 0 0
Mounds 1 0 0 0 0
Mr Good Bar 1 0 0 1 0
Nerds 0 1 0 0 0
Nestle Butterfinger 1 0 0 1 0
Nestle Crunch 1 0 0 0 0
Nik L Nip 0 1 0 0 0
Now & Later 0 1 0 0 0
Payday 0 0 0 1 1
Peanut M&Ms 1 0 0 1 0
Pixie Sticks 0 0 0 0 0
Pop Rocks 0 1 0 0 0
Red vines 0 1 0 0 0
Reese's Miniatures 1 0 0 1 0
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 1 0 0 1 0
Reese's pieces 1 0 0 1 0
Reese's stuffed with pieces 1 0 0 1 0
Ring pop 0 1 0 0 0
Rolo 1 0 1 0 0
Root Beer Barrels 0 0 0 0 0
Runts 0 1 0 0 0
Sixlets 1 0 0 0 0
Skittles original 0 1 0 0 0
Skittles wildberry 0 1 0 0 0
Nestle Smarties 1 0 0 0 0
Smarties candy 0 1 0 0 0
Snickers 1 0 1 1 1
Snickers Crisper 1 0 1 1 0
Sour Patch Kids 0 1 0 0 0
Sour Patch Tricksters 0 1 0 0 0
Starburst 0 1 0 0 0
Strawberry bon bons 0 1 0 0 0
Sugar Babies 0 0 1 0 0
Sugar Daddy 0 0 1 0 0
Super Bubble 0 1 0 0 0
Swedish Fish 0 1 0 0 0
Tootsie Pop 1 1 0 0 0
Tootsie Roll Juniors 1 0 0 0 0
Tootsie Roll Midgies 1 0 0 0 0
Tootsie Roll Snack Bars 1 0 0 0 0
Trolli Sour Bites 0 1 0 0 0
Twix 1 0 1 0 0
Twizzlers 0 1 0 0 0
Warheads 0 1 0 0 0
Welch's Fruit Snacks 0 1 0 0 0
Werther's Original Caramel 0 0 1 0 0
Whoppers 1 0 0 0 0
crispedricewafer hard bar pluribus sugarpercent
100 Grand 1 0 1 0 0.732
3 Musketeers 0 0 1 0 0.604
One dime 0 0 0 0 0.011
One quarter 0 0 0 0 0.011
Air Heads 0 0 0 0 0.906
Almond Joy 0 0 1 0 0.465
Baby Ruth 0 0 1 0 0.604
Boston Baked Beans 0 0 0 1 0.313
Candy Corn 0 0 0 1 0.906
Caramel Apple Pops 0 0 0 0 0.604
Charleston Chew 0 0 1 0 0.604
Chewey Lemonhead Fruit Mix 0 0 0 1 0.732
Chiclets 0 0 0 1 0.046
Dots 0 0 0 1 0.732
Dum Dums 0 1 0 0 0.732
Fruit Chews 0 0 0 1 0.127
Fun Dip 0 1 0 0 0.732
Gobstopper 0 1 0 1 0.906
Haribo Gold Bears 0 0 0 1 0.465
Haribo Happy Cola 0 0 0 1 0.465
Haribo Sour Bears 0 0 0 1 0.465
Haribo Twin Snakes 0 0 0 1 0.465
Hershey's Kisses 0 0 0 1 0.127
Hershey's Krackel 1 0 1 0 0.430
Hershey's Milk Chocolate 0 0 1 0 0.430
Hershey's Special Dark 0 0 1 0 0.430
Jawbusters 0 1 0 1 0.093
Junior Mints 0 0 0 1 0.197
Kit Kat 1 0 1 0 0.313
Laffy Taffy 0 0 0 0 0.220
Lemonhead 0 1 0 0 0.046
Lifesavers big ring gummies 0 0 0 0 0.267
Peanut butter M&M's 0 0 0 1 0.825
M&M's 0 0 0 1 0.825
Mike & Ike 0 0 0 1 0.872
Milk Duds 0 0 0 1 0.302
Milky Way 0 0 1 0 0.604
Milky Way Midnight 0 0 1 0 0.732
Milky Way Simply Caramel 0 0 1 0 0.965
Mounds 0 0 1 0 0.313
Mr Good Bar 0 0 1 0 0.313
Nerds 0 1 0 1 0.848
Nestle Butterfinger 0 0 1 0 0.604
Nestle Crunch 1 0 1 0 0.313
Nik L Nip 0 0 0 1 0.197
Now & Later 0 0 0 1 0.220
Payday 0 0 1 0 0.465
Peanut M&Ms 0 0 0 1 0.593
Pixie Sticks 0 0 0 1 0.093
Pop Rocks 0 1 0 1 0.604
Red vines 0 0 0 1 0.581
Reese's Miniatures 0 0 0 0 0.034
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 0 0 0 0 0.720
Reese's pieces 0 0 0 1 0.406
Reese's stuffed with pieces 0 0 0 0 0.988
Ring pop 0 1 0 0 0.732
Rolo 0 0 0 1 0.860
Root Beer Barrels 0 1 0 1 0.732
Runts 0 1 0 1 0.872
Sixlets 0 0 0 1 0.220
Skittles original 0 0 0 1 0.941
Skittles wildberry 0 0 0 1 0.941
Nestle Smarties 0 0 0 1 0.267
Smarties candy 0 1 0 1 0.267
Snickers 0 0 1 0 0.546
Snickers Crisper 1 0 1 0 0.604
Sour Patch Kids 0 0 0 1 0.069
Sour Patch Tricksters 0 0 0 1 0.069
Starburst 0 0 0 1 0.151
Strawberry bon bons 0 1 0 1 0.569
Sugar Babies 0 0 0 1 0.965
Sugar Daddy 0 0 0 0 0.418
Super Bubble 0 0 0 0 0.162
Swedish Fish 0 0 0 1 0.604
Tootsie Pop 0 1 0 0 0.604
Tootsie Roll Juniors 0 0 0 0 0.313
Tootsie Roll Midgies 0 0 0 1 0.174
Tootsie Roll Snack Bars 0 0 1 0 0.465
Trolli Sour Bites 0 0 0 1 0.313
Twix 1 0 1 0 0.546
Twizzlers 0 0 0 0 0.220
Warheads 0 1 0 0 0.093
Welch's Fruit Snacks 0 0 0 1 0.313
Werther's Original Caramel 0 1 0 0 0.186
Whoppers 1 0 0 1 0.872
pricepercent winpercent
100 Grand 0.860 66.97173
3 Musketeers 0.511 67.60294
One dime 0.116 32.26109
One quarter 0.511 46.11650
Air Heads 0.511 52.34146
Almond Joy 0.767 50.34755
Baby Ruth 0.767 56.91455
Boston Baked Beans 0.511 23.41782
Candy Corn 0.325 38.01096
Caramel Apple Pops 0.325 34.51768
Charleston Chew 0.511 38.97504
Chewey Lemonhead Fruit Mix 0.511 36.01763
Chiclets 0.325 24.52499
Dots 0.511 42.27208
Dum Dums 0.034 39.46056
Fruit Chews 0.034 43.08892
Fun Dip 0.325 39.18550
Gobstopper 0.453 46.78335
Haribo Gold Bears 0.465 57.11974
Haribo Happy Cola 0.465 34.15896
Haribo Sour Bears 0.465 51.41243
Haribo Twin Snakes 0.465 42.17877
Hershey's Kisses 0.093 55.37545
Hershey's Krackel 0.918 62.28448
Hershey's Milk Chocolate 0.918 56.49050
Hershey's Special Dark 0.918 59.23612
Jawbusters 0.511 28.12744
Junior Mints 0.511 57.21925
Kit Kat 0.511 76.76860
Laffy Taffy 0.116 41.38956
Lemonhead 0.104 39.14106
Lifesavers big ring gummies 0.279 52.91139
Peanut butter M&M's 0.651 71.46505
M&M's 0.651 66.57458
Mike & Ike 0.325 46.41172
Milk Duds 0.511 55.06407
Milky Way 0.651 73.09956
Milky Way Midnight 0.441 60.80070
Milky Way Simply Caramel 0.860 64.35334
Mounds 0.860 47.82975
Mr Good Bar 0.918 54.52645
Nerds 0.325 55.35405
Nestle Butterfinger 0.767 70.73564
Nestle Crunch 0.767 66.47068
Nik L Nip 0.976 22.44534
Now & Later 0.325 39.44680
Payday 0.767 46.29660
Peanut M&Ms 0.651 69.48379
Pixie Sticks 0.023 37.72234
Pop Rocks 0.837 41.26551
Red vines 0.116 37.34852
Reese's Miniatures 0.279 81.86626
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 0.651 84.18029
Reese's pieces 0.651 73.43499
Reese's stuffed with pieces 0.651 72.88790
Ring pop 0.965 35.29076
Rolo 0.860 65.71629
Root Beer Barrels 0.069 29.70369
Runts 0.279 42.84914
Sixlets 0.081 34.72200
Skittles original 0.220 63.08514
Skittles wildberry 0.220 55.10370
Nestle Smarties 0.976 37.88719
Smarties candy 0.116 45.99583
Snickers 0.651 76.67378
Snickers Crisper 0.651 59.52925
Sour Patch Kids 0.116 59.86400
Sour Patch Tricksters 0.116 52.82595
Starburst 0.220 67.03763
Strawberry bon bons 0.058 34.57899
Sugar Babies 0.767 33.43755
Sugar Daddy 0.325 32.23100
Super Bubble 0.116 27.30386
Swedish Fish 0.755 54.86111
Tootsie Pop 0.325 48.98265
Tootsie Roll Juniors 0.511 43.06890
Tootsie Roll Midgies 0.011 45.73675
Tootsie Roll Snack Bars 0.325 49.65350
Trolli Sour Bites 0.255 47.17323
Twix 0.906 81.64291
Twizzlers 0.116 45.46628
Warheads 0.116 39.01190
Welch's Fruit Snacks 0.313 44.37552
Werther's Original Caramel 0.267 41.90431
Whoppers 0.848 49.52411
Q1. How many different candy types are in this dataset?
There are 9 different candy types in this dataset (chocolate, fruity, etc.).
Q2. How many fruity candy types are in the dataset?
There are 38 fruity candy types in the dataset.
"Twix" , ]$ winpercent
Attaching package: 'dplyr'
The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
filter, lag
The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
|> filter (row.names (candy)== "Twix" ) |> select (winpercent)
Q3. What is your favorite candy (other than Twix) in the dataset and what is it’s winpercent value?
"Fun Dip" , ]$ winpercent
Fundip – 39.18%
Q4. What is the winpercent value for “Kit Kat”?
"Kit Kat" , ]$ winpercent
Kit Kat’s winpercent value is 76.76%
Q5. What is the winpercent value for “Tootsie Roll Snack Bars”?
"Tootsie Roll Snack Bars" , ]$ winpercent
49.65% is the Tootsie Roll snack bar winpercent value.
library ("skimr" )skim (candy)
Data summary
Name
candy
Number of rows
85
Number of columns
12
_______________________
Column type frequency:
numeric
12
________________________
Group variables
None
Variable type: numeric
chocolate
0
1
0.44
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▆
fruity
0
1
0.45
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▆
caramel
0
1
0.16
0.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▂
peanutyalmondy
0
1
0.16
0.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▂
nougat
0
1
0.08
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▁
crispedricewafer
0
1
0.08
0.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▁
hard
0
1
0.18
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▂
bar
0
1
0.25
0.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▂
pluribus
0
1
0.52
0.50
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
▇▁▁▁▇
sugarpercent
0
1
0.48
0.28
0.01
0.22
0.47
0.73
0.99
▇▇▇▇▆
pricepercent
0
1
0.47
0.29
0.01
0.26
0.47
0.65
0.98
▇▇▇▇▆
winpercent
0
1
50.32
14.71
22.45
39.14
47.83
59.86
84.18
▃▇▆▅▂
Q6. Is there any variable/column that looks to be on a different scale to the majority of the other columns in the dataset?
Chocolate and fruity appear to be on a different scale, out of all the candy types they have “1” at p75 which the other types don’t have.
Q7. What do you think a zero and one represent for the candy$chocolate column?
I think they represent whether a candy contains chocolate or not, with 1 meaning there’s chocolate in the candy and 0 meaning there’s no chocolate.
Exploratory Analysis
Q8. Plot a histogram of winpercent values using both base R an ggplot2.
library (ggplot2)ggplot (candy,(aes (winpercent))) + geom_histogram ()
`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value `binwidth`.
Q9. Is the distribution of winpercent values symmetrical?
No, the distribution is slightly skewed to the left centered around the 40-45% winpercent value.
Q10. Is the center of the distribution above or below 50%?
The center of the distribution is below 50%.
Q11. On average is chocolate candy higher or lower ranked than fruit candy?
<- (mean (candy$ winpercent[as.logical (candy$ chocolate)]))<- (mean (candy$ winpercent[as.logical (candy$ fruity)]))
On average, chocolate candy is higher ranked than fruit candy (60.92% vs 44.11%).
Q12. Is this difference statistically significant?
t.test ((candy$ winpercent[as.logical (candy$ chocolate)]), (candy$ winpercent[as.logical (candy$ fruity)]))
Welch Two Sample t-test
data: (candy$winpercent[as.logical(candy$chocolate)]) and (candy$winpercent[as.logical(candy$fruity)])
t = 6.2582, df = 68.882, p-value = 2.871e-08
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
11.44563 22.15795
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
60.92153 44.11974
This difference is statistically significant due to the p-value being below the 0.05 threshold.
Overall Candy Rankings
Q13. What are the five least liked candy types in this set?
|> arrange (winpercent) |> head (5 )
chocolate fruity caramel peanutyalmondy nougat
Nik L Nip 0 1 0 0 0
Boston Baked Beans 0 0 0 1 0
Chiclets 0 1 0 0 0
Super Bubble 0 1 0 0 0
Jawbusters 0 1 0 0 0
crispedricewafer hard bar pluribus sugarpercent pricepercent
Nik L Nip 0 0 0 1 0.197 0.976
Boston Baked Beans 0 0 0 1 0.313 0.511
Chiclets 0 0 0 1 0.046 0.325
Super Bubble 0 0 0 0 0.162 0.116
Jawbusters 0 1 0 1 0.093 0.511
winpercent
Nik L Nip 22.44534
Boston Baked Beans 23.41782
Chiclets 24.52499
Super Bubble 27.30386
Jawbusters 28.12744
The 5 least like candy types are Nik L Nip, Boston Baked Beans, Chiclets, Super Bubble, and Jawbusters.
Q14. What are the top 5 all time favorite candy types out of this set?
|> arrange (desc (winpercent)) |> head (5 )
chocolate fruity caramel peanutyalmondy nougat
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 1 0 0 1 0
Reese's Miniatures 1 0 0 1 0
Twix 1 0 1 0 0
Kit Kat 1 0 0 0 0
Snickers 1 0 1 1 1
crispedricewafer hard bar pluribus sugarpercent
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 0 0 0 0 0.720
Reese's Miniatures 0 0 0 0 0.034
Twix 1 0 1 0 0.546
Kit Kat 1 0 1 0 0.313
Snickers 0 0 1 0 0.546
pricepercent winpercent
Reese's Peanut Butter cup 0.651 84.18029
Reese's Miniatures 0.279 81.86626
Twix 0.906 81.64291
Kit Kat 0.511 76.76860
Snickers 0.651 76.67378
The top 5 candy types are Reese’s Peanut Butter cup, Reeses’s Minitiatures, Twix, Kit Kat, and Snickers.
Q15. Make a first barplot of candy ranking based on winpercent values.
library (ggplot2)ggplot (candy) + aes (winpercent, rownames (candy)) + geom_col ()
Q16. Use the reorder() function to get the bars sorted by winpercent.
library (ggplot2)ggplot (candy) + aes (winpercent, reorder (rownames (candy), winpercent)) + geom_col ()
= rep ("black" , nrow (candy))as.logical (candy$ chocolate)] = "chocolate" as.logical (candy$ bar)] = "brown" as.logical (candy$ fruity)] = "pink"
ggplot (candy) + aes (winpercent, reorder (rownames (candy),winpercent)) + geom_col (fill= my_cols)
Q17. What is the worst ranked chocolate candy?
The worst ranked chocolate candy is sixlets. > Q18. What is the best ranked fruity candy?
The best ranked fruity candy is starbust.
Taking a look at pricepercent
library (ggrepel)ggplot (candy) + aes (winpercent, pricepercent, label= rownames (candy)) + geom_point (col= my_cols) + geom_text_repel (col= my_cols, size= 3.3 , max.overlaps = 5 )
Warning: ggrepel: 53 unlabeled data points (too many overlaps). Consider
increasing max.overlaps
Q19. Which candy type is the highest ranked in terms of winpercent for the least money - i.e. offers the most bang for your buck?
<- order (candy$ pricepercent, decreasing = TRUE )head ( candy[ord,c (11 ,12 )], n= 5 )
pricepercent winpercent
Nik L Nip 0.976 22.44534
Nestle Smarties 0.976 37.88719
Ring pop 0.965 35.29076
Hershey's Krackel 0.918 62.28448
Hershey's Milk Chocolate 0.918 56.49050
<- candy$ winpercent/ candy$ pricepercent<- order (ratio, decreasing = T)head ( candy[ordered,c (11 ,12 )], n= 5 )
pricepercent winpercent
Tootsie Roll Midgies 0.011 45.73675
Pixie Sticks 0.023 37.72234
Fruit Chews 0.034 43.08892
Dum Dums 0.034 39.46056
Strawberry bon bons 0.058 34.57899
The highest ranked candy type in terms of winpercent for the least money is Tootsie Roll Midgies.
Q20. What are the top 5 most expensive candy types in the dataset and of these which is the least popular?
The top 5 most expensive candy types are Nik L Nip, Nestle Smarties, Ring pop, Hershey’s Krackel, and Hershey’s Milk Chocolate. The least popular out of these is Nik L Nip.
Exploring the correlation structure
<- cor (candy)corrplot (cij)
Q22. Examining this plot what two variables are anti-correlated (i.e. have minus values)?
Chocolate and Fruity are anti-correlated.
Q23. Similarly, what two variables are most positively correlated?
Chocolate and winpercent are the most positively correlated.
Principal Component Analysis
<- prcomp (candy, scale = T)summary (pca)
Importance of components:
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7
Standard deviation 2.0788 1.1378 1.1092 1.07533 0.9518 0.81923 0.81530
Proportion of Variance 0.3601 0.1079 0.1025 0.09636 0.0755 0.05593 0.05539
Cumulative Proportion 0.3601 0.4680 0.5705 0.66688 0.7424 0.79830 0.85369
PC8 PC9 PC10 PC11 PC12
Standard deviation 0.74530 0.67824 0.62349 0.43974 0.39760
Proportion of Variance 0.04629 0.03833 0.03239 0.01611 0.01317
Cumulative Proportion 0.89998 0.93832 0.97071 0.98683 1.00000
plot (pca$ x[,1 : 2 ], col= my_cols, pch= 16 )
# Make a new data-frame with our PCA results and candy data <- cbind (candy, pca$ x[,1 : 3 ])
<- ggplot (my_data) + aes (x= PC1, y= PC2, size= winpercent/ 100 , text= rownames (my_data),label= rownames (my_data)) + geom_point (col= my_cols)
library (ggrepel)+ geom_text_repel (size= 3.3 , col= my_cols, max.overlaps = 7 ) + theme (legend.position = "none" ) + labs (title= "Halloween Candy PCA Space" ,subtitle= "Colored by type: chocolate bar (dark brown), chocolate other (light brown), fruity (red), other (black)" ,caption= "Data from 538" )
Warning: ggrepel: 40 unlabeled data points (too many overlaps). Consider
increasing max.overlaps
Attaching package: 'plotly'
The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
last_plot
The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
filter
The following object is masked from 'package:graphics':
layout
Q24. Complete the code to generate the loadings plot above. What original variables are picked up strongly by PC1 in the positive direction? Do these make sense to you? Where did you see this relationship highlighted previously?
No answer.
Q25. Based on your exploratory analysis, correlation findings, and PCA results, what combination of characteristics appears to make a “winning” candy? How do these different analyses (visualization, correlation, PCA) support or complement each other in reaching this conclusion?
No answer.
